Obesity, cause, treatment and complication

Q: How obesity is defined? A: According to the official medical definition, obesity represents an excessive amount of body fat in relation to the general body mass of a person. A broader perception of obesity defines it as an excess of overall weight by 30% or more of that that is considered normal for a specific age, sex and height. Another definition of obesity and overweight is linked to the Body Mass Index (BMI), which represents the relation of a person’s height and weight. If the BMI is higher than 27.5 then the person is considered overweight. If the number is much greater then the person is considered obese. Q: Why should I be concerned with obesity? A: People suffering from overweight and obesity have higher mortality rates and risk of developing serious health conditions that can lead to early death. It is estimated that obese persons have 50% higher risk of early death than people with normal weight. Obesity is often associated with such health conditions as heart diseases, diabetes, hypertension, joint and back pain as well as many others. Obesity can also aggravate existing conditions, or lead to such serious health problems as cancer and infertility. Q: How obesity and overweight are different? A: Although overweight and obesity are used as synonyms quite often, these are two different conditions with different numerical expressions. Both overweight and obesity characterize the condition of excessive weight however it’s the difference in the extent of the problem that defines these categories. Overweight and obesity are linked to the BMI and are defined through exact figures. For a person to be classified as overweight, his or her BMI should be between 27.5 and 29.5. If the person has a BMI of 30 and higher, he or she is automatically considered as being obese.

Q: Can obesity and overweight be treated? A: Yes, obesity and overweight are treatable conditions in most cases. There are various methods for losing weight and keeping it within healthy limits. One of the most commonly used is a combination of low calorie diet and intense exercise program. Quite often these efforts are accompanied by drugs like Phentermine, Acomplia and Meridia, which help in controlling the feeling of hunger that strongly affects any weight loss activities. There are more radical solutions like surgery, which has a serious impact on the body but is very effective in treating morbid obesity, which is hard to overcome with simple measures. Surgery is applied for either removing the excess of fat tissue in the body or cutting out a part of the stomach for reducing food cravings and digestion abilities. Q: How do I know which treatment is best for me?

A: First of all, do not trust your choice to advertisements. The weight loss industry is huge and this competitive market is crowded with overnight solutions that promise great results in a short time but fail to deliver any benefits whatsoever. In order to get the right treatment you should address a doctor. Whether it’s your family doctor or a professional dietologist, you should consult with a specialist who knows how to select the right treatment option. If you are prescribed with drugs like Phentermine or Meridia, you should take them under your doctor’s supervision. Other weight loss efforts like diet and exercising should also be approved and logged by your physician.

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Sibutramine, normally accessible as Meridia hydrochloride monohydrate, is an hunger suppressant that is administered orally for the medication of being overweight. Critical concerns have been expressed about its safety and has been suspended from use in the UK and EU.It is also underneath review by the FDA and the European Medicines Agency.It is a centrally-acting serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor structurally associated to amphetamines, even though its mechanism of action is distinct.

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Meridia is manufactured by Abbott Laboratories, under brand names this kind of as Reductil, Meridia and Sibutrex.It is classified as a Schedule IV managed substance in the United States, regardless of obtaining practically no prospective for misuse due to its lack of appreciable dopaminergic outcomes. It is likely that the compound’s use as an anorectic is the sole cause is it classified as a controlled drug, as “overprescription” of anorectics (as a class) in the mid-20th century resulted in a multitude of circumstances of abuse or addiction.

A increased multitude of cardiovascular events has been observed in individuals having Meridia verses control (11.4percent vs. 10.%).In 2010 the FDA noted the worries that Meridia increases the possibility of heart attacks and strokes in sufferers with a background of cardiovascular condition.
Regularly encountered part outcomes are: dry mouth, paradoxically improved hunger, nausea, strange taste in the mouth, upset stomach, constipation, difficulty sleeping, dizziness, drowsiness, menstrual cramps/pain, headache, flushing, or joint/muscle serious pain.

Meridia can substantially grow blood pressure and pulse in some sufferers.For this reason ordinary monitoring requires to be performed. The following aspect results are infrequent but critical and call for immediate medical interest: cardiac arrhythmias, paresthesia, mental/mood alterations (e.g., excitement, restlessness, confusion, depression, unusual thoughts of suicide). Signs and symptoms that demand urgent clinical attention are seizures, situations urinating, abnormal bruising or bleeding, melena, hematemesis, jaundice, fever and rigors, chest ache, hemiplegia, abnormal vision, dyspnea and edema. Presently, no situation of pulmonary hypertension has been noted, despite the fact that connected compounds (those as Fen-Phen) have shown this exceptional but clinically substantial difficulty.

Meridia has a wide variety of clinically important interactions.The concomitant use of Meridia and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs, these types of as selegiline) is not indicated, as it may well increase the threat of serotonin syndrome, a somewhat uncommon but severe adverse medicine reaction. Meridia need to not be taken inside two weeks of stopping or beginning an MAOI.
Taking both Meridia and specific medications implemented in the procedure of migraines-this type of as ergolines and triptans-, as properly as opioids, may possibly also raise the probability for serotonin syndrome, as could possibly the use of way more than 1 serotonin reuptake inhibitor at the exact same time.The concomitant use of Meridia and drugs which inhibit CYP3A4, these types of as ketoconazole and erythromycin, may well grow plasma ranges of Meridia. Meridia does not have an impact on the efficacy of hormonal contraception.

Meridia is a neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor that minimizes the reuptake of serotonin (by 53percent), norepinephrine (by 54percent), and dopamine (by 16percent), thereby growing the amounts of these substances in synaptic clefts and helping enhance satiety; the serotonergic action, in distinct, is thought to influence hunger.Older anorectic agents this type of as amphetamine and fenfluramine force the release of these neurotransmitters rather than affecting their reuptake.Despite obtaining a mechanism of action related to tricyclic antidepressants, Meridia has failed to demonstrate antidepressant properties in animal studies.It was approved by the U.
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Studies show that oral hygiene plays a role in overall health. Researchers have found that people who have periodontal disease have in increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and type II diabetes. The same harmful bacteria found in the mouth have been found in arterial plaques that cause heart disease. Saving your teeth can also save your life!

In conjunction with the in-office treatment you will receive, there are several things you can do at home to prevent and maintain your periodontal condition.

Coenzyme Q10, also known as CoQ10, is an antioxidant recommended by many dentists for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. CoQ10 is found in every cell of your body, particularly in the heart and oral tissues.

Researchers found that people with periodontal disease had a deficiency of this essential nutrient. It is recommended that you take at least 30mg two times per day. This is not a magic pill, you still need to brush, floss, and see your dental hygienist at least twice per year. Every day, bacteria that naturally builds up in the oral cavity, along with food particles, form a sticky, clear film on your teeth. This film is called plaque, and it forms above the gumline and below the gumline on the root surface. Plaque forms regardless of whether you eat or not.

Plaque that is not removed by brushing and flossing. It becomes hard and is unable to be removed with a toothbrush or floss. This hard plaques is called tartar. These tartar deposits produce toxins from the bacteria which cause inflammation. Inflammation of the gums is called gingivitis, and it is reversible. The inflammation below the gumline breaks down the bone and other supporting structures. This breakdown causes a space to form between the tooth and the gum, called a pocket. The breakdown of the bone and pocket formation is called periodontitis, and it is not reversible.

It is recommended that you have a dental phophylaxis or “cleaning” at least two times a year. Unfortunately, even with regular visits gingivitis and periodontitis still occur. In fact, it is estimated that 80% of adults have some severity of bone loss.

Another at-home option is to use a waterpik, which is an oral irrigator. The waterpik uses a high-powered, pulsating stream of water to gently clean around the gumline. There is also an attachment called a pik pocket, which is designed to clean periodontal pockets. In clinical studies the waterpik was 93% more effective than floss.

Doing one or both of these easy oral healthcare practices could save your teeth and your life.

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Developing Gestational Diabetes during pregnancy carries a 15 to 60 percent chance of developing Non-Insulin Dependent (Type II) after pregnancy within a 5 to15 year period of time.  It is important to determine the significant risk factors that lead to Type II diabetes as this disease has reached epidemic proportions around the world.  From 1994 to 2002, the incidence of gestational diabetes doubled to now involve 7 percent of pregnancies.  This has an increased  maternal and neonatal morbidity which includes but is not limited to elevated blood pressure, preeclampsia, eclampsia, placental abruption, maternal kidney disease, increased susceptibility to premature delivery, increased incidence of C-sections, uterine infection, bacteria in the blood, maternal death, fetal macrosomia (large infant) hypoglycemia of the infant, prematurity of the lungs even late in the third trimester, increased risk or neonatal infection, hyperbilirubenemia, intrauterine fetal death, and perinatal mortality. 

By knowing the risk factors that lead to a higher incidence of gestational diabetes, there is hope to be able to prevent them before, during, or after the pregnancy in order to reduce the complications mentioned above associated with the immediate problems with gestational diabetes.

When patients are diagnosed with Non-insulin dependent diabetes, there are a host of complications and risk factors that occur:  increased risk of heart, peripheral vascular, kidney, eye, and neurologic diseases such as heart attacks, angina, pain in legs when walking (claudication , kidney failure,  blindness, stroke, transient ischemic attack, loss of balance when walking and unable to feel feet due to peripheral nerve damage.

Several  studies show three factors  that lead to highest risk for women developing Type II diabetes after having gestational diabetes in pregnancy:

1) BMI  (Basal Metabolic Index) > 27

 Patients have a 4 to 8 fold chance of developing Type II diabetes whose BMI is greater than 27

2) Developing gestational diabetes before 24 weeks gestation

 Patients who develop gestational diabetes after 24 weeks have less chance of developing Type II diabetes.  The fetal placenta is responsible for abnormal glucose intolerance after 24 weeks 

3) Use of insulin to control the blood sugars in pregnancy

Insulin  use in pregnancy means  the mother has less ability to produce an adequate amount of insulin during stress (excessive sugar loads, viral or bacterial infections, ect.)

Measures must be in place to prevent, reduce, and or treat each risk factor.

Regarding prevention, reduction, or treating a BMI of greater than 27 requires a comprehensive approach  involving  psychological, environmental, nutritional, and exercise.

1)  Eating minimal amounts of calories is noted to increase longevity. This is because obesity leads to chronic diseases such as cancer, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis. One must learn to eat frequent small meals. Eating 5 to 7 small meals throughout the day will increase the metabolism by 10 to 12 percent. Increasing the portion of protein and reducing the amount of carbohydrates will reduce insulin demand that is needed to metabolize sugars in the body.  Patients must reduce breads, pasta, and sweets.  Patients must increase fiber intake, brown rice, sweet potatoes, nuts, and non-starchy vegetables.

2) Exercise. One must engage is some form of exercise 30 minutes to 1 hour a day.  Swimming, walking, riding bicycles, stationary bicycle, treadmill, weightlifting, rowing, stair climber, etc, are examples of exercises that will build muscle and help increase the uptake of sugars into muscle which in turn decreases the demand for insulin and reduces glucose resistance.   Increase in one pound of muscle leads to an increase of 50 calories a day being burned.  

3) Supplements  known to increase glucose utilization in diets.

a. Cinnamon

b. Bitter melon

c. Cane sugar

d. Alpha Lipoic Acid

e. Chromium Piccolinate

In summary, Type II diabetes leads to serious illness and disease left untreated.   Gestational Diabetes during pregnancy predicts a high incidence of developing Type II Diabetes within a few years.  Knowing the risk factors that lead to Type II diabetes after Gestational Diabetes and the ways to reduce or prevent these factors from occurring, will help to reduce the incidence of this detrimental disease.

Hypertension or high blood pressure is probably the most important public health problem in developed countries. It is very ordinary, normally doesn’t produce very famous symptoms particularly in the early stages.
The good thing is, High blood pressure is with no trouble detect and usually easily treatable. On the other hand, send-off it untreated can lead to a host of evils like heart disease, kidney failure or stroke etc. and may even show fatal.
This is why meaningful your blood force numbers is significant, even when you’re feeling fine. If your blood pressure is usual, you can work with your health care team to stay it that way. If your blood pressure is too high, you need treatment to prevent damage to your body’s organs.
Causes of High Blood Pressure
1. Chronic kidney disease
2. Tumors or other diseases of the adrenal gland
3. Pregnancy
4. Use of birth control pills
5. Alcohol addiction
6. Thyroid dysfunction
Symptoms of High Blood Pressure
1. Even if high blood force does cause symptoms, the symptoms are more often than not mild and distracted (vague, or suggesting many different disorders).
2. Thus, high blood pressure often is labeled “the silent killer.”
3. People who have high blood pressure naturally don’t know it awaiting their blood pressure is measured.
Treatment of High Blood Pressure
High blood pressure (HBP) is treated with lifestyle changes and medicines.
Most people who have HBP will need lifelong treatment. Sticking to your treatment plan is important. It can prevent or stoppage the evils linked to HBP and help you live and stay active longer.
For more tips on controlling your blood pressure, see the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) “Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure.”
The treatment goal for the majority adults is to get and keep blood pressure underneath
140/90 mmHg. For adults who have diabetes or chronic kidney illness, the goal is to get and keep blood pressure underneath 130/80 mmHg.
Home Remedies for High Blood Pressure
1. The most effectual home remedy to treat high blood pressure would be to chew a clove of garlic in an unfilled stomach. Have a glass of water to swallow it down.
2. Take 1 tablespoon every of fresh amla juice and honey in the morning. This is an efficient natural remedy to lower the blood pressure.
3. Add a tsp of cayenne pepper in half a cup of warm water. Drink this combination whenever there is an augment in the blood pressure.
4. Take equal proportions of watermelon seeds and khas khas. Grind them to make a powdery substance. Have 1 tsp of these fine particles on an empty abdomen in the morning and in the evening. This is helpful in controlling the high blood pressure.
5. In 100 grams of water, squeeze half a lemon. Have this mixture after every two hours. This would provide relief and also lower the blood pressure.
6. Drink a tsp of fenugreek seeds with water. Repeat this both in the morning and evening for 10 to 15 days.
7. A piece or two of garlic roll in raisins would act beneficially in lower the blood pressure.
8. Consume 4 leaves of holy aromatic plant and two foliage of neem with 2-4 teaspoonfuls of water. Have this in an empty stomach for a week. This is effectual in treating high blood pressure.

For patients with hypertension (high blood pressure) or kidney disease, the condition of the patient’s body needs food with a little salt content.

Reducing use of salt is not implemented on all types of salt, but the reduction is more to the purpose of limiting the amount of salt / sodium chloride (NaCl) in addition to flavoring dishes of food (monosodium glutamate = MSG), and sodium carbonate. Where is strongly recommended in these dieters to consume salt (salt that contains iodine) no more than 6 grams per day, equivalent to one teaspoon.

The purpose of this diet is to help lower high blood pressure and helps eliminate the accumulation of salt or water in the body tissues.

Easy enough to undergo this diet, simply adjust to the illness, limiting the consumption of calories, protein and minerals, as well as adjust the sodium salt the body needs.

To facilitate this diet try to:

1. Do not put salt on the dining table
2. Choose vegetables that are fresh. Foods contained in cans contain a lot of salt. If any would not want to eat canned vegetables then wash vegetables with water before consumption to reduce salt content inherent in these vegetables.
3. Choose fresh fruit, as most fresh fruits have a low content of sodium but rich in potassium content
4. Adding flavor in foods with herbs or other spices such as garlic, onion, ginger, turmeric, bay leaves, sugar, salt or vinegar in addition.
5. To choose a nut snack foods, biscuits and other snack foods that do not contain much salt.
6. Avoid the use of tomato sauce, shrimp paste, paste, MSG, tauco on the food you consume

Often we underestimate insomnia as a problem that only affects mental health. However, recent studies show that insomnia can have an impact physically.

A study has been conducted for 14 years and involved 1741 men and women also showed that men who have insomnia have a mortality risk four times greater than in men who have a normal sleep cycle for 6 hours. This research was conducted by a team of researchers at Penn State, dr. Alexandros N. Vgontzas and his colleagues.

The death rate increased even up to 7-fold, if insomnia is a man who has diabetes or hypertension.

Increased mortality was found in those who reported experiencing insomnia and when examined in the sleep lab showed that they only sleep less than 6 hours per day. Those who admitted to not having insomnia, but sleep less than 6 hours per day did not show increased risk of death. So also with those who claim to have insomnia, but sleep more than 6 hours per day.

Dr. Vgontzas said that insomnia is associated with physical problems, so be as serious health problems with shortness of breath in his sleep.
The results of this study came from the men only temporary. Research on new women began 5 years after a study of man began. In addition, women also have a tendency to have a longer life than men, so that the results of a study of women can not be determined.

When cholesterol in the blood began to cause blockages in blood vessels, due to plaque deposits of LDL cholesterol, the most horrific impact of stroke is a threat in addition to coronary heart disease risk.

Coronary heart disease primarily caused by a process whereby the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in blood vessels which is a degenerative disorder, although influenced by many factors.

Because the degenerative disorder, then with life expectancy growing, it is clear that the incidence will increase. In addition, he often causes sudden death and attacking the highly productive age, the CHD become an important disease.

Symptoms and Signs
Typical ischemic chest pain (like being pressed with weight and spread to the neck, right arm and back) can be caused by stable angina pectoris (SAP), unstable angina pectoris (UAP) or AMI (acute myocardial infarction). Complaints of chest pain that requires serious attention has the following characteristics:

* Chest pain that feels new (<1 month)
* Changes in the quality of chest pain, such as increased frequency or severity of chest pain, or chest pain that is felt at rest
* Chest pain that does not go away with rest or by sublingual nitrate administration

Other symptoms that may accompany the shortness of breath, feeling of floating and fainting (syncope). If the physical examination can be found in hypertension, heart enlargement and abnormal heart sounds and heart noise.

The most important thing in preventing coronary heart disease is by the lifestyle changes that can control risk factors that can aggravate the disease. Periodic cardiac examination could be performed for patients at risk or not.

However, prevention is better than cure. Prevent the accumulation of fatty plaques of LDL cholesterol is more sensible than treating the existing circumstances.