Obesity, cause, treatment and complication

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Definition

Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood from one person (donor) into another person’s blood vessels (recipient). This is usually done as a life-saving maneuver to replace blood lost due to heavy bleeding, during surgery when blood loss or to increase the amount of blood in anemic patients. Blood consists of blood cells and blood plasma. Blood cells consist of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes) and platelets, whereas the blood plasma contains water, protein, glucose, minerals, fibrinogen and clotting factors which consists of clotting factors I-XIII. In the erythrocytes contained hemoglobin molecule which is very important. Hemoglobin is useful to “bind” oxygen in the lungs and “release” of oxygen to the organs that need it. It can be said , the blood is an important component in the body. Through blood, oxygen will be transported to all organs of the body, especially the vital organs to function to keep going. Therefore blood transfusion procedure is an act that is very important to one’s survival.

Blood Component Transfusion

Whole blood

Whole blood (complete blood count) is usually provided only for transfusion in massive bleeding. Whole blood used to be given to acute hemorrhage, hypovolemic shock and major surgery with bleeding> 1500 ml. Whole blood will increase oxygen transport capacity and increased blood volume. One unit of whole blood transfusion will increase the hemoglobin 1 g / dl.

Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC)

PRBC containing the same hemoglobin as whole blood, the difference is the amount of plasma, which contains fewer PRBC plasma. This causes higher levels of hematocrit PRBC compared with whole blood, ie 70% compared to 40%. PRBC usually given to patients with slow bleeding, anemia or patients with cardiac abnormality. When about to be used, PRBC need to be warmed equal to body temperature (37 º C). if not warmed, it will complicate the transfer of oxygen from blood to organs.

Fresh Frozen Plasma

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) contains all plasma proteins (clotting factors), especially factors V and VII. FFP usually given after massive blood transfusion, and coagulopathy after warfarin therapy in liver disease. Each unit of FFP usually can raise each clotting factor levels of 2-3% in adults. Same with PRBC, when about to be given to patients need warmed subject’s body temperature.

Platelets

Platelet transfusion is indicated in patients with severe thrombocytopenia (<20,000 / mm3) along with clinical symptoms of bleeding. When, however, found no clinical symptoms of bleeding, platelet transfusion is not needed. One unit of platelets to increase 7000-10000 trombosit/mm3 after 1 hour transfusion in patients with body weight 70 kg. many factors that play a role in the success of platelet transfusion include splenomegaly, previous sensitization, fever, and active bleeding.

Cryoprecipitate

Cryoprecipitate contain factor VIII and fibrinogen in large quantities. Cryoprecipitate disease is indicated in patients with hemophilia (factor VIII deficiency) and also in patients with fibrinogen deficiency.

Complications of Blood Transfusion and Handling

Hemolytic reaction

The reaction is usually the donor red blood cell destruction by antibody recipients and usually occurs due to incompatibility ABO blood type that can be caused by faulty patient identification, blood type or unit transfusion. In the conscious, the symptoms experienced in the form of chills, fever, chest pain and nausea. In the unconscious or sedated, the symptoms include increased body temperature, heart palpitations, low blood pressure and hemoglobinuria. Severity of symptoms depends on how much incompatible transfused blood is .

Non-hemolytic reaction

This reaction occurs because the recipient sensitization against white blood cells, platelets or plasma proteins from the donor. Symptoms include fever, urticaria which is characterized by redness, red spots and itching without fever, anaphylactic reaction, pulmonary edema, hyperkalemia and acidosis.

Infection

The risk of infectious disease transmission through blood transfusion depends on many things, among others, the incidence of disease in the community, the effectiveness of screening is done, recipient immune system and the number of donors per unit of blood. Some common infections are viral hepatitis, HIV, Citomegalovirus, Staphylococcal bacteria, yesteria and malaria parasites.

Treating complications of transfusion:

1. Stop transfusion
2. Rev the blood pressure with intravenous fluids, if necessary add drugs.
3. Give 100% oxygen
4. Giving diuretics mannitol or furosemide drugs
5. Antihistamine drugs
6. Giving high dose steroids drugs
7. Check for gas analysis and blood pH.

1. Sit upright with your back straight and shoulders backward. Stuck in the holder of the chair thigh and buttocks should touch the back seat. The backbone has a slightly curved shape to the front at the waist, so it can put a pillow to support the curvature of the spine.
2. Focus on one point of body weight for balance. Try not to bend. If necessary, the chair can be pulled close to desk work for the sitting position does not bend.
3. To find the best position when sitting, first sit down at the end of the back of the chair, then bend deeply. Then lift up the body while making the arch with a center at the waist as far as possible in the future. Then loosen the rear position to around 10-20 degrees. That’s your best sitting position.
4. The position of the knee has an important role as well. For that bend the knee to align with hips. Try not to be crossed his legs.
5. For a petite or using high-heeled shoes that feel the chair seat is too high, the use of booster legs also help distribute the load from the leg.
6. If you want to write without a desk, use a foothold in the leg but the position of the foot remains parallel to the floor. But this should not be too long because it will make the tail bone to hold part of the burden that comes from the thigh.
7. Try a break every 30-45 minutes by standing, stretching for a moment, or take a walk around your desk to restore freshness to your body to remain concentrated in the working
8. Hand made as comfortable as possible on the table, but do not forget to rest your arm and elbow. If necessary, you can use armrests to help reduce the burden on your shoulders and neck that are not easily tired.
9. ika want to take something that stands beside or behind, do not twist your back. Rotate the entire body as a whole.
10. Sitting too long is one risk factor for kidney stone formation. Therefore, in addition to regular stretching, is encouraged to consume adequate drinking water.

It is important for women to always maintain a healthy diet to reduce the negative effects often experienced during menstruation. Here are some guidelines on nutrition and nutritional intake is recommended to be consumed during menstruation:

* In a normal menstrual period, women will be blood loss of approximately between 20-80cc of blood in a day. While those who experience more severe periods will lose more blood. So that fluid loss should be replaced by drinking enough water.

* While the waste contained in the blood iron is needed by the body. If someone is having to iron deficiency is a common symptom arise in the form of tired, pale, hair loss, irritability, weakness, and impaired immune function. To prevent this, every woman should fulfilled by eating foods that contain iron. Foods that contain lots of iron include meat, chicken, fish, nuts and cereals. But be careful because there are meat and products with dairy ingredients to increase the production of prostaglandins that may trigger the pain.

* Other complaints are often experienced during periods of constipation or indigestion. Foods that can help reduce these symptoms are fresh vegetables in large quantities.

* Make sure you consume enough calcium, at least 1,200 mg / day. A good source of calcium found in low-fat milk, soy or rice milk, tofu, yogurt, broccoli and salmon. Calcium can help maintain muscle tone and prevent cramping and abdominal pain. Consumption of complex carbohydrates like whole wheat bread, fresh fruit and vegetables.

Incoming search terms:

• NUTRI INTAKE

There are many young people reached their success through the internet, from the Yahoo’s duo to latest example, the Facebook’s Zuckerberg. What they initiated has been changing the face of internet and even more, the face of this world.

But several of those people are not only changing the world with their internet business but also with their charity events. What Jesse Willms do could be one of the best examples of it. Jesse Willms is a young internet entrepreneur widely known as internet’s good guy. He is among the first people promoting internet marketing ethic. But what he’s done also giving to the community. He really knows that he has a responsibility to take apart in building a better world. Jesse Willms has been initiated as well as actively involving in several charity activities. The latest philanthropic activity is supporting The Kiva foundation providing financial support to third world entrepreniurs.

As he is an entrepreneur himself, he really understands that financing is the key to build a business. He learnt about Kiva Foundation from an article and getting amazed with high success rate of their micro loans program. He is now committed to help Kiva Foundation to broaden their program reach that more young entrepreneurs could access their micro loans program. He obviously understands that more entrepreneurs building business means more job opportunities for other people and the economics will be growing. With his effort through Kiva Foundation, he really hopes that someday there will be successful entrepreneurs who also willing to help others.

Bedding is needed for a baby to sleep safely and comfortably. The principle of a primary election beds is safety. However, it should also be remembered, that no equipment as good as anything that can replace a parent loving and responsive.

If we watch a movie from western countries, we can see that since babies, children have their own rooms. This is certainly different from the culture in our country, where babies generally sleep with their parents. There’s something very comfortable about togetherness is good for a newborn child or for the elderly. Usually, babies sleep with their parents on a bed. There also are using the swing, bed roll or crib near the bed (co-sleeper).

If your child is not too active, cradle or bed rolls can be used during the first two to three months. Make sure both devices have a wide base so it will not collapse.

When it was time to have a baby bed, then the most important is a bed that will keep your child safe. There are several practical side to consider:

o Closing the side should be up and down with ease and no noise.
o Concluding that can be operated with one hand will make it easy, especially when you’re carrying a baby or a diaper and wet clothes
o Bed sturdy and not wobbling or creaking.
o Be careful with sleep tempt is made of steel because the vulnerable rocker or has sharp parts.
o Find a bed that is easy to install and does not require much equipment.

The aging process is often characterized by decreased function of various organs, one of which is a function of hearing. Approximately 30-35% of people aged between 65-75 years will have a hearing loss steadily due to the aging process known as presbicusis.

As a result of this hearing loss, often the people around him will speak in a voice louder and harder with the elderly. However, it does not mean the harder the spoken voice will sound better for them because there are voices that are too painful sleepless toil will be sounded in their ears.

Why is that?
Here we discuss briefly about presbycusis and handling. It is important to note because of presbycusis is not addressed properly will be a major barrier for the elderly to communicate with its surroundings, as a result there arose social problems and depression that can impair their health.

Why Elderly Experiencing Hearing Loss?
The exact cause of presbycusis is not known until today, but generally known that the cause is multifactorial. Allegedly associated with the emergence of presbycusis heredity, diet, metabolism, atheriosklerosis, diabetes mellitus, infection, noisy, lifestyle, medicine, etc.. Presbycusis usually will attack both ears slowly so that people may not be aware of hearing loss on himself.

Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health, which meant clean water is the water used for everyday purposes whose quality meets health requirements and can be drunk when it is cooked. Good drinking water must meet water quality requirements, namely:

*
Physical Conditions, which are colorless, have no taste and no smell.
*
Terms of chemicals, which do not contain chemicals or minerals that are harmful to health such as CO2, H2S, NH4, and others.
*
Terms of bacteriology, do not contain the bacteria E. coli that exceeded specified limits. Fecal coliform / total coliform max 0 per 100 ml of water.

In general, the source of water for domestic purposes comes from wells, either dug wells or wells with pumps. To avoid that water is not polluted so that the distance between the wells with a shelter feces, garbage, sewage and other pollution sources are generally at least 10 meters, and if it is located in the sloping area, sought to be the location of water sources not under source pollution.

As we all know, most of the potential carriers of germs bacteria grow rapidly in the liquid. No doubt, the level of mortality and morbidity caused by illnesses related to water, remains high. Facing this problem, the United Nations has set in the year 2008 as International Sanitation year.

15 September is the day of the World Hand Washing with Soap initiated by the Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPP-HWWS) or PPP-HWWS consisting of Unilever, WSP, UNICEF, ESP, HSP, Aman Tirta, Reckitt Benckiser, and several other international agencies.

But not a few of the various parties, institutions, organizations and institutions that also welcomes day of commemoration. Warning on Global Hand Washing with Soap is a manifestation of the struggle to establish an understanding in clean and healthy living awareness to the public.

Motivated by the concern of human mortality and illness from water is still very high, the Day of the World Hand Washing with Soap is expected to provide counseling to the public for the effects of conscious awareness of the increasing importance of clean and healthy living. The warning is projected to be celebrated jointly by the millions of people in 52 countries, on five continents, to support and to succeed the International Sanitation year.